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	<title>Sciences technologiques Archives - La Maison Du Liban</title>
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	<title>Sciences technologiques Archives - La Maison Du Liban</title>
	<link>https://maisonduliban.fr/category/le-cedre/sciences-technologiques/</link>
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		<title>Conférence: L&#039;intelligence artificielle pour booster votre productivité</title>
		<link>https://maisonduliban.fr/conference-lintelligence-artificielle-pour-booster-votre-productivite/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[marlene]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 07 Apr 2024 14:57:21 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Actualités]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sciences technologiques]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://maisonduliban.fr/?p=1422</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>La Maison du Liban vous invite à vous interroger sur l’intelligence artificielle : Comment l’intelligence artificielle peut optimiser votre productivité ? Lors d’une conférence menée par Nora Berbery, fondatrice de Twily et experte en IA, honorée du titre de « Femme Francophone Entrepreneure 2022 », découvrez comment les progrès en matière d’intelligence artificielle peuvent transformer [&#8230;]</p>
<p>The post <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr/conference-lintelligence-artificielle-pour-booster-votre-productivite/">Conférence: L&#039;intelligence artificielle pour booster votre productivité</a> appeared first on <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr">La Maison Du Liban</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>La Maison du Liban vous invite à vous interroger sur l’intelligence artificielle :<br />
Comment l’intelligence artificielle peut optimiser votre productivité ?<br />
Lors d’une conférence menée par Nora Berbery, fondatrice de Twily et experte en IA,<br />
honorée du titre de « Femme Francophone Entrepreneure 2022 »,<br />
découvrez comment les progrès en matière d’intelligence artificielle peuvent<br />
transformer votre manière de travailler.<br />
Date: 18 avril à 19h<br />
Lieu: Maison du Liban-Cité Internationale Universitaire de Paris<br />
9E Boulevard Jourdan - 75014 Paris</p>
<p>Une session de questions/réponses permettra au public d’échanger directement avec l’intervenante.<br />
La séance s’achèvera vers 20h30 autour d’un buffet libanais.</p>
<p><strong>Biographie</strong><br />
Doctorante en entrepreneuriat et transition écologique, forte d’une expérience professionnelle de 17 ans, Nora Berbery a fondé Twily en 2017. La start-up s’est spécialisée dans la formation, le conseil et la création sur mesure de serious games. Nora a obtenu le titre de femme francophone entrepreneur en 2022 à Beyrouth.<br />
<strong>L'inscription est gratuite</strong> mais <strong>obligatoire via le lien suivant :</strong><br />
<strong>https://forms.gle/d1Tx3GT6SfTcpfiT6</strong></p>
<p>The post <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr/conference-lintelligence-artificielle-pour-booster-votre-productivite/">Conférence: L&#039;intelligence artificielle pour booster votre productivité</a> appeared first on <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr">La Maison Du Liban</a>.</p>
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		<item>
		<title>9 découvertes scientifiques accidentelles et involontaires ont changé le monde</title>
		<link>https://maisonduliban.fr/9-decouvertes-scientifiques-accidentelles-et-involontaires-ont-change-le-monde/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[dinas.ahdab@gmail.com]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Jun 2020 11:04:36 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Le Cèdre]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sciences technologiques]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://maisonduliban.fr/?p=1113</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The post <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr/9-decouvertes-scientifiques-accidentelles-et-involontaires-ont-change-le-monde/">9 découvertes scientifiques accidentelles et involontaires ont changé le monde</a> appeared first on <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr">La Maison Du Liban</a>.</p>
]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img decoding="async" class="ffb-id-43tg7gt5 fg-image  img-responsive fg-text-dark" src="https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/0-1.jpg" alt="0 (1)"><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><section class="ffb-id-43t6meu4 fg-section fg-text-dark"><div class="fg-container container fg-container-large fg-container-lvl--1 "><div class="fg-row row    " ><div class="ffb-id-43t6meu5 fg-col col-xs-12 col-md-12 fg-text-dark"><div class="ffb-id-43t6mj3v fg-paragraph ff-richtext text-left    fg-text-dark"></p>
<p><em><strong>par <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/dina-ahdab-el-a39b858a/">Dina El Ahdab</a></strong></em></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"><span lang="FR">Bien que normalement les d&eacute;couvertes scientifiques sont le fruit d&rsquo;un long travail de laboratoire laborieux et minutieux et qui repr&eacute;sentent une validation d&rsquo;une hypoth&egrave;se sugg&eacute;r&eacute;e en avance par le chercheur, un bon nombre des d&eacute;couvertes, les plus incroyables au monde, ont eu lieu lorsque quelqu'un a trouv&eacute; quelque chose qu'il ne cherchait pas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"><span lang="FR">Dans certains cas, ceux-ci sont le r&eacute;sultat d'un v&eacute;ritable accident. Des accidents chanceux ont permis aux gens de d&eacute;couvrir des effets secondaires inattendus mais utiles des m&eacute;dicaments, ce qui s'est produit avec le Viagra.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"><span lang="FR">La saccharine - l'&eacute;dulcorant artificiel - a &eacute;t&eacute; trouv&eacute;e par un chimiste russe qui a oubli&eacute; de se laver les mains apr&egrave;s une longue journ&eacute;e de travail.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"><span lang="FR">Dans bon nombre de ces cas, les chercheurs &agrave; l'origine de la d&eacute;couverte n'appelleraient pas leur d&eacute;couverte un v&eacute;ritable &laquo;accident&raquo;, car il fallait un esprit pr&eacute;par&eacute; pour poursuivre et transformer cette d&eacute;couverte en quelque chose d'utile. Mais ce qui a &eacute;t&eacute; trouv&eacute; n'&eacute;tait pas ce que l'on recherchait en premier lieu.</span></p>
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<p style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>1. Le micro-ondes</strong><br />En 1946, Percy Spencer, ing&eacute;nieur pour la Raytheon Corporation, travaillait sur un projet li&eacute; au radar. En testant un nouveau tube &agrave; vide, il a d&eacute;couvert qu'une barre de chocolat qu'il avait dans sa poche fondait plus rapidement qu'il ne l'aurait cru.<br />Il est devenu intrigu&eacute; et a commenc&eacute; &agrave; exp&eacute;rimenter en visant le tube sur d'autres articles, tels que des &oelig;ufs et des grains de ma&iuml;s souffl&eacute;. Spencer a conclu que la chaleur ressentie par les objets provenait de l'&eacute;nergie micro-ondes.<br />Peu de temps apr&egrave;s, le 8 octobre 1945, Raytheon d&eacute;pose un brevet pour le premier micro-ondes.</p>
<p></div><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><img decoding="async" class="ffb-id-43tf98eq fg-image  img-responsive full-width fg-text-dark" src="https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/1_MicroOndes.png" alt="1_MicroOndes"><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><div class="ffb-id-43tfa9cn fg-paragraph ff-richtext text-left    fg-text-dark"></p>
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<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>2. Rayons X</strong><br />En 1895, un physicien allemand du nom de Wilhelm Roentgen travaillait avec un tube &agrave; rayons cathodiques.<br />Malgr&eacute; le fait que le tube &eacute;tait couvert, il a vu qu'un &eacute;cran fluorescent &agrave; proximit&eacute; brillait lorsque le tube &eacute;tait allum&eacute; et que la pi&egrave;ce &eacute;tait sombre. Les rayons illuminaient en quelque sorte l'&eacute;cran.<br />Lorsque sa femme a plac&eacute; sa main devant le tube, il a remarqu&eacute; qu'il pouvait voir ses os dans l'image projet&eacute;e sur l'&eacute;cran. En rempla&ccedil;ant le tube par une plaque photographique pour capturer les images, il cr&eacute;a les premiers rayons X.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">La technologie a &eacute;t&eacute; rapidement adopt&eacute;e par les institutions m&eacute;dicales et les d&eacute;partements de recherche - mais malheureusement, il faudrait un certain temps avant que les risques de rayonnement X soient compris.</p>
<p></div><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><img decoding="async" class="ffb-id-43tfbujg fg-image  img-responsive full-width fg-text-dark" src="https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2_XRay.jpg" alt="2_XRay"><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><div class="ffb-id-43tfdir3 fg-paragraph ff-richtext text-left    fg-text-dark"></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;text-align: justify"><!-- &#091;if !supportLists&#093;--><span lang="FR">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</span></p>
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<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="text-indent: -0.25in;text-align: justify"><strong><span lang="FR">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 3. L'&eacute;dulcorant artificiel</span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"><span lang="FR">La saccharine, l'&eacute;dulcorant artificiel, est environ 400 fois plus sucr&eacute;e que le sucre. Il a &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;couvert en 1878 par Constantine Fahlberg, qui travaillait actuellement sur une analyse du goudron de houille au laboratoire de l'Universit&eacute; Johns Hopkins d'Ira Remsen.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"><span lang="FR">Apr&egrave;s une longue journ&eacute;e au laboratoire, il a oubli&eacute; de se laver les mains avant de d&icirc;ner. Il prit un rouleau et remarqua que cela semblait sucr&eacute; - comme tout ce qu'il touchait.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"><span lang="FR">Il est retourn&eacute; au laboratoire et a commenc&eacute; &agrave; go&ucirc;ter les compos&eacute;s (Attention&nbsp;: La d&eacute;gustation de produits chimiques al&eacute;atoires n'est g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement pas consid&eacute;r&eacute;e comme une pratique de laboratoire s&ucirc;re). Les tests ensuite ont montr&eacute; que le corps ne pouvait pas le m&eacute;taboliser, ceci dit que les gens ne prenaient pas de calories en mangeant de la saccharine.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify"><span lang="FR">En 1907, les diab&eacute;tiques ont commenc&eacute; &agrave; utiliser l'&eacute;dulcorant en remplacement du sucre et il a rapidement &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;tiquet&eacute; comme &eacute;dulcorant non calorique.</span></p>
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<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>4. Le stimulateur cardiaque</strong><br />En 1956, Wilson Greatbatch construisait un appareil d'enregistrement du rythme cardiaque. Il fouilla dans une bo&icirc;te pour qu'une r&eacute;sistance compl&egrave;te le circuit, mais en retira la mauvaise - ce n'&eacute;tait pas tout &agrave; fait la bonne taille.<br />Il a install&eacute; la r&eacute;sistance mal ajust&eacute;e et a remarqu&eacute; que le circuit &eacute;mettait des impulsions &eacute;lectriques. Cela lui fit penser au moment du rythme cardiaque.<br />Greatbatch avait pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment pens&eacute; que la stimulation &eacute;lectrique pourrait stimuler les circuits du c&oelig;ur s'il y avait une sorte de panne l&agrave;-bas - ce nouvel appareil lui a fait penser qu'il pourrait &ecirc;tre possible de cr&eacute;er une version suffisamment petite pour fournir r&eacute;ellement cette stimulation.<br />Il a commenc&eacute; &agrave; r&eacute;tr&eacute;cir son appareil et le 7 mai 1958, une version de son stimulateur cardiaque a &eacute;t&eacute; ins&eacute;r&eacute;e avec succ&egrave;s dans un chien.</p>
<p></div><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><img decoding="async" class="ffb-id-43tfjfog fg-image  img-responsive full-width fg-text-dark" src="https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/4_Pacemaker.jpg" alt="4_Pacemaker"><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><div class="ffb-id-43tfl2t5 fg-paragraph ff-richtext text-left    fg-text-dark"></p>
<p style="text-align: left"><em>Wilson Greatbatch tenant un stimulateur cardiaque implantable des ann&eacute;es 1980 (&agrave; gauche) et l'original, qu'il a invent&eacute; dans les ann&eacute;es 1950. Cr&eacute;dit photo: Associated Press / NY Times</em></p>
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<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>5. P&acirc;te &agrave; modeler</strong><br />L'argile a d'abord &eacute;t&eacute; con&ccedil;ue par Noah McVicker, qui a travaill&eacute; avec son fr&egrave;re Cleo dans une entreprise de savon, non pas pour faire de jouet pour enfants, mais pour cr&eacute;er un nettoyeur de papier peint.<br />L'un des sous-produits des feux de charbon que les gens utilisaient pour garder leur maison au chaud &eacute;tait la suie, qui recouvrait les murs. Une solution pour nettoyer &eacute;tait de rouler l'argile sur la suie.<br />Cependant, apr&egrave;s l'introduction du papier peint en vinyle, qui pouvait &ecirc;tre nettoy&eacute; &agrave; l'eau, le nettoyant pour papier peint n'&eacute;tait plus aussi n&eacute;cessaire, car une &eacute;ponge humide pouvait faire le travail.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Mais avant que les McVickers ne cessent leurs activit&eacute;s, une enseignante du jardin d'enfants nomm&eacute;e a trouv&eacute; une autre utilisation du produit. Elle avait entendu dire que les enfants pouvaient faire des d&eacute;corations avec le nettoyant pour papier peint, alors elle l'a essay&eacute; en classe, et ses &eacute;l&egrave;ves ont ador&eacute;. Ainsi les McVickers ont d&eacute;cid&eacute; de retirer le d&eacute;tergent et d'ajouter de la coloration.</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>6. P&eacute;nicilline</strong><br />En 1928, Sir Alexander Fleming, professeur de bact&eacute;riologie, a remarqu&eacute; que des moisissures avaient commenc&eacute; &agrave; se d&eacute;velopper sur ses bo&icirc;tes de P&eacute;tri de colonies de bact&eacute;ries Staphylococcus.<br />En cherchant les colonies qu'il pourrait sauver de celles infect&eacute;es par la moisissure, il a remarqu&eacute; quelque chose d'intrigant. Les bact&eacute;ries ne poussaient pas autour du moule. La moisissure s'est en fait av&eacute;r&eacute;e &ecirc;tre une souche rare de Penicillin notatum qui s&eacute;cr&eacute;tait une substance qui inhibait la croissance bact&eacute;rienne.<br />La p&eacute;nicilline a &eacute;t&eacute; introduite dans les ann&eacute;es 40, contribuant &agrave; ouvrir l'&egrave;re des antibiotiques.</p>
<p></div><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><img decoding="async" class="ffb-id-43tfphpp fg-image  img-responsive full-width fg-text-dark" srcset="https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/6_Peninciline.jpg 985w, https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/freshizer/2bef581933e9d37b77c031f503999101_6_Peninciline-320-c-100.jpg 320w, https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/freshizer/2bef581933e9d37b77c031f503999101_6_Peninciline-768-c-100.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 985px) 100vw, 985px" src="https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/6_Peninciline.jpg" alt="6_Peninciline"><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><div class="ffb-id-43tfpugi fg-paragraph ff-richtext text-left    fg-text-dark"></p>
<p><em>Alexander Fleming dans son laboratoire &copy; Wikimedia / Photographe du minist&egrave;re de l'Information Photographe</em></p>
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<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>7. Viagra</strong><br />Le Viagra a &eacute;t&eacute; le premier traitement de la dysfonction &eacute;rectile, mais ce n'est pas ce pour quoi il a &eacute;t&eacute; initialement test&eacute;.<br />Pfizer a introduit le produit chimique Sildenafil, le m&eacute;dicament actif du Viagra, comme m&eacute;dicament pour le c&oelig;ur. Au cours des essais cliniques, le m&eacute;dicament s'est r&eacute;v&eacute;l&eacute; inefficace pour les maladies cardiaques. Mais les hommes ont not&eacute; que le m&eacute;dicament semblait causer un autre effet - des &eacute;rections plus fortes et plus durables. M&ecirc;me s'ils n'avaient pas pu maintenir une &eacute;rection auparavant, la capacit&eacute; est revenue pendant qu'ils prenaient du Viagra.<br />Pfizer a men&eacute; des essais cliniques sur 4 000 hommes atteints de dysfonction &eacute;rectile et a vu les m&ecirc;mes r&eacute;sultats.</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>8. Insuline</strong><br />En 1889, deux m&eacute;decins de l'Universit&eacute; de Strasbourg, Oscar Minkowski et Josef von Mering, essayaient de comprendre comment le pancr&eacute;as affectait la digestion, alors ils ont retir&eacute; l'organe d'un chien en bonne sant&eacute;.<br />Quelques jours plus tard, ils ont remarqu&eacute; que des mouches grouillaient autour de l'urine du chien - quelque chose d'anormal et d'inattendu. Ils ont test&eacute; l'urine et y ont trouv&eacute; du sucre. Ils ont r&eacute;alis&eacute; qu'en enlevant le pancr&eacute;as, ils avaient donn&eacute; le diab&egrave;te au chien.<br />Ces deux-l&agrave; n'ont jamais compris ce que le pancr&eacute;as produisait pour r&eacute;guler la glyc&eacute;mie. Mais au cours d'une s&eacute;rie d'exp&eacute;riences survenues entre 1920 et 1922, des chercheurs de l'Universit&eacute; de Toronto ont r&eacute;ussi &agrave; isoler une s&eacute;cr&eacute;tion pancr&eacute;atique qu'ils appelaient insuline.</p>
<p></div><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><img decoding="async" class="ffb-id-43tfufc0 fg-image  img-responsive full-width fg-text-dark" srcset="https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/8_Insuline-scaled.jpg 1200w, https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/freshizer/a688c1bca983a43be7b128b7bc50eb52_8_Insuline-scaled-320-c-100.jpg 320w, https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/freshizer/a688c1bca983a43be7b128b7bc50eb52_8_Insuline-scaled-768-c-100.jpg 768w, https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/freshizer/a688c1bca983a43be7b128b7bc50eb52_8_Insuline-scaled-992-c-100.jpg 992w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" src="https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/8_Insuline-scaled.jpg" alt="8_Insuline"><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><div class="ffb-id-43tg0iab fg-paragraph ff-richtext text-left    fg-text-dark"></p>
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<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>9. Corn Flakes</strong><br />La recette des Corn Flakes est n&eacute;e d'une tentative b&acirc;cl&eacute;e de faire cuire du bl&eacute; en 1894.<br />&Agrave; cette &eacute;poque, John Kellogg &eacute;tait surintendant m&eacute;dical au Battle Creek Sanitarium. John et son fr&egrave;re William essayaient de trouver un r&eacute;gime pour les patients.<br />Un jour, les fr&egrave;res ont fait bouillir du bl&eacute;, mais ils l'ont accidentellement laiss&eacute; cuire trop longtemps. Quand ils l'ont finalement retir&eacute; du po&ecirc;le et ont essay&eacute; de le rouler en p&acirc;te, le bl&eacute; s'est s&eacute;par&eacute; en flocons. Les fr&egrave;res ont d&eacute;couvert qu'ils pouvaient les faire cuire dans une collation croustillante.<br />Apr&egrave;s quelques exp&eacute;rimentations, ils ont d&eacute;couvert que le m&ecirc;me effet pouvait &ecirc;tre obtenu en utilisant du ma&iuml;s au lieu du bl&eacute;, et la recette des Corn Flakes &eacute;tait n&eacute;e.</p>
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<p>The post <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr/9-decouvertes-scientifiques-accidentelles-et-involontaires-ont-change-le-monde/">9 découvertes scientifiques accidentelles et involontaires ont changé le monde</a> appeared first on <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr">La Maison Du Liban</a>.</p>
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		<title>The communication gap between the scientific and the non-scientific community.</title>
		<link>https://maisonduliban.fr/the-communication-gap-between-the-scientific-and-the-non-scientific-community/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[dinas.ahdab@gmail.com]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Thu, 30 Apr 2020 10:37:04 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Le Cèdre]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Sciences technologiques]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://maisonduliban.fr/?p=1084</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The post <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr/the-communication-gap-between-the-scientific-and-the-non-scientific-community/">The communication gap between the scientific and the non-scientific community.</a> appeared first on <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr">La Maison Du Liban</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><section class="ffb-id-3v81ss6m fg-section fg-text-dark"><div class="fg-container container fg-container-large fg-container-lvl--1 "><div class="fg-row row    " ><div class="ffb-id-3v821h4e fg-col col-xs-12 col-md-12 fg-text-dark"><img decoding="async" class="ffb-id-3v821rji fg-image  img-responsive full-width fg-text-dark" src="https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Dina-profile.jpg" alt="Dina profile"></div><div class="ffb-id-3v81ss6n fg-col col-xs-12 col-md-12 fg-text-dark"><p class="ffb-id-3v81t0ku fg-paragraph text-left    fg-text-dark">Dina El Ahdab, PhD Candidate</p></div></div></div></section><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><section class="ffb-id-3v81hmsl fg-section fg-text-dark"><div class="fg-container container fg-container-large fg-container-lvl--1 "><div class="fg-row row    " ><div class="ffb-id-3v81hmsm fg-col col-xs-12 col-md-12 fg-text-dark"><div class="ffb-id-3v81hs82 fg-paragraph ff-richtext text-left    fg-text-dark"></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">&lsquo;Magic&rsquo; is a word for the things you don&rsquo;t understand. &lsquo;Science&rsquo; is a word for the process of understanding things.<br />However, they&rsquo;re actually closer than most people might think. Among the similarities:</p>
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<p>&gt; Both are disciplines that seek to understand how the world works.</p>
<p>&gt; Both are motivated by our desire, to at least some extent, to impose our will on the world.</p>
<p>&gt; Both involve experimentation, at least to some extent.</p>
<p>&gt; Both involve the search for general principles that can apply to specific situations.</p>
<p>&gt; In both cases, those general principles can appear arcane to the uninitiated.</p>
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<blockquote>
<p style="text-align: justify"><em>"More than ever, people need some understanding of science, whether they are involved in decision-making at a national or local level, in managing industrial companies, in skilled or semi-skilled employment, in voting as private citizens or in making a wide range of personal decisions."</em> - The Public Understanding of Science</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Science is indeed facing several major problems including financial crunch in academia, poor study design in published papers, lack of replication studies, problems with peer review, and problems with research accessibility.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">One should admit that the public support for the scientific research is often low. Researchers can be blamed here, since a wide communication gap exists between the scientific and the non-scientific communities. This has resulted in miscommunication of science, divided opinions about scientific matters, and lack of informed decision-making among the public. Researchers are partly responsible for this because they lack time or sometimes they prefer an inclination to engage with the public about their research work. Therefore, the public is largely dependent on the media, which is often blamed for misconstruing scientific facts.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>In order to close the communication gap, scientists should become more social, but are we a science literate society?</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">The audience that scientists are targeting need to have some preparedness to receive scientific information and be able to apply it in their everyday decisions. Thus, while scientists will definitely have to explain their research in simple language, the communication will not be effective unless the audience has a certain degree of understanding of scientific research, how it works, and what it implies.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Just a few decades ago, mobile phones and the internet were relatively new. Although today, even people in remote villages know how to use smartphones, and elderly people are avid users of Whatsapp and Facebook although nobody really taught them how to.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>We need events that can bring the scientific and non-scientific communities closer together.</strong> Lay audiences need to be immersed in science in the way they are surrounded by gadgets today: everyday life should be more science focused. Right from primary school education to popular media such as television, films, the internet and social media, science should be omnipresent in people&rsquo;s lives in an interactive way. This will facilitate a better understanding of science and help bridge the gap between scientists and the non-scientific community. This in turn, will improve the quality of rational decisions and the use of science products, and hopefully, increase the public&rsquo;s trust in science and scientists.</p>
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<p>The post <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr/the-communication-gap-between-the-scientific-and-the-non-scientific-community/">The communication gap between the scientific and the non-scientific community.</a> appeared first on <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr">La Maison Du Liban</a>.</p>
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		<title>COVID-19 Vaccine: when we will have one ?</title>
		<link>https://maisonduliban.fr/covid-19-vaccine-when-we-will-have-one/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[dinas.ahdab@gmail.com]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sun, 05 Apr 2020 15:11:24 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Sciences technologiques]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://maisonduliban.fr/?p=1049</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[<p>The post <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr/covid-19-vaccine-when-we-will-have-one/">COVID-19 Vaccine: when we will have one ?</a> appeared first on <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr">La Maison Du Liban</a>.</p>
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										<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><section class="ffb-id-3t85qvol fg-section fg-text-dark"><div class="fg-container container fg-container-large fg-container-lvl--1 "><div class="fg-row row    " ><div class="ffb-id-3t85qvom fg-col col-xs-12 col-md-12 fg-text-dark"><img decoding="async" class="ffb-id-3t85s3cg fg-image  img-responsive full-width fg-text-dark" src="https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/110616ACT-networking-5-XL.jpg" alt="110616ACT-networking-5-XL"></div></div></div></section><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><section class="ffb-id-3t85ua2s fg-section fg-text-dark"><div class="fg-container container fg-container-large fg-container-lvl--1 "><div class="fg-row row    " ><div class="ffb-id-3t85ua2t fg-col col-xs-12 col-md-12 fg-text-dark"><div class="ffb-id-3t85uk8d fg-paragraph ff-richtext text-left    fg-text-dark"></p>
<p>Rami Bechara</p>
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<p><em>At least 35 groups, 7 pharmaceutical and biotech companies, Pasteur Institute and 7 different Universities including Oxford, Imperial, and Pittsburgh are working on COVID-19 vaccines, at a pandemic speed &hellip; 3 trials begun.</em></p>
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<p style="text-align: justify">Across the world, countries continue to combat the deadly coronavirus. We witnessed different approaches including social distancing, massive testing, quarantine and isolation, and even contact tracing. However, according to a study by Ferguson et al, it is likely that transmission will quickly rebound if interventions are relaxed in the near future (Fig.1). Thus, there is a major unmet need for an effective strategy to eradicate SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, the development of COVID-19 vaccines is a priority for ending this pandemic. Indeed, over the past century, some of the most important medical breakthroughs were linked to the development of vaccines to protect humans against viruses such as polio and smallpox. More recently, an H1N1 influenza vaccine was developed relatively rapidly to respond urgently to epidemics of H1N1 influenza. Here, I will describe the state of art of COVID-19 vaccines with some encouraging news in trying times.</p>
<p></div></div></div></div></section><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><section class="ffb-id-3t84o77s fg-section fg-text-dark"><div class="fg-container container fg-container-large fg-container-lvl--1 "><div class="fg-row row    " ><div class="ffb-id-3t84o77t fg-col col-xs-12 col-md-12 fg-text-dark"><img decoding="async" class="ffb-id-3t84okoi fg-image  img-responsive full-width fg-text-dark" srcset="https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/rb1.png 1200w, https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/freshizer/e90603516e5f48219746a37ac2f9b16f_rb1-320-c-100.png 320w, https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/freshizer/e90603516e5f48219746a37ac2f9b16f_rb1-768-c-100.png 768w, https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/freshizer/e90603516e5f48219746a37ac2f9b16f_rb1-992-c-100.png 992w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" src="https://maisonduliban.fr/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/rb1.png" alt="rb1"></div></div></div></section><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><section class="ffb-id-3t84vttj fg-section fg-text-dark"><div class="fg-container container fg-container-large fg-container-lvl--1 "><div class="fg-row row    " ><div class="ffb-id-3t84vttk fg-col col-xs-12 col-md-12 fg-text-dark"><p class="ffb-id-3t850l7t fg-paragraph text-left    fg-text-dark">Fig.1 Principles of vaccination &amp; social distancing applied theoretically for COVID-19</p></div></div></div></section><style></style><script type="text/javascript"></script><section class="ffb-id-3t852i7d fg-section fg-text-dark"><div class="fg-container container fg-container-large fg-container-lvl--1 "><div class="fg-row row    " ><div class="ffb-id-3t852i7e fg-col col-xs-12 col-md-12 fg-text-dark"><div class="ffb-id-3t852osn fg-paragraph ff-richtext text-left    fg-text-dark"></p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>Vaccination - a quick refresher</strong><br />Vaccination is an approach designed to artificially help the body to defend itself by generating, usually, an expanded army of pathogen-specific memory lymphocytes. In principle, a vaccine against infection is a modified form of a natural pathogen, which may be either the whole pathogen or one of its components. Following exposure of the immune system to an antigen, pathogen-specific lymphocytes are &ldquo;primed&rdquo; and often continue to circulate in the blood (and also reside in the bone marrow) for many years. When the natural pathogen attacks, these memory cells respond very rapidly by producing antibodies to reestablish protection. This is what we call &ldquo;active immunity&rdquo;.</p>
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<p><strong>Antigen</strong><br />&bull; Substance capable of inducing an immune response</p>
<p><strong>Antibody</strong><br />&bull; Protein produced by B lymphocytes to help eliminate an antigen</p>
<p><strong>Active Immunity</strong><br />&bull; Protection produced by the person&rsquo;s own immune system<br />&bull; Often lifetime</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>COVID-19 Vaccine Tracker: Over than 40 candidates</strong><br />Different worldwide organizations, pharmaceutical companies and universities have called for targeted efforts to develop therapies against COVID-19. Consequently, at least 40 COVID19 candidates were described so far and, by the time I was writing this article, three of them have entered &ldquo;Phase I&rdquo; of clinical trials, the first of three stages of human testing before drug approval. More precisely, during Phase I testing, researchers test the safety of the candidate vaccine but we won't know if it's effective &ndash; if humans will develop enough virus-neutralizing antibodies &ndash; until Phase II is studied. This is clearly the result of scientists with different expertise working together and being able to respond quickly.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">We should keep in mind that vaccine development, similarly to other medications, is a very lengthy and expensive process. However, during this pandemic many steps of vaccine design are executed in parallel before confirming a successful outcome of another step, hence resulting in shortening manufacturing-time while at the same time increasing financial risk. For instance, <strong>mRNA-1273</strong> candidate vaccine was rushed to human trials before it was even tested in animals based on previous data related to other coronaviruses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Additionally, the company is hopeful that their vaccine may be available by fall 2020 mainly for vulnerable groups.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>Ad5-nCov</strong> is another promising candidate by CanSino, China. Phase I testing is underway in China. It is worthy to mention that CanSino has already produced a nearly identical vaccine to protect against Ebola. <strong>ChAdOx1</strong> is also a top front-runner vaccine for COVID19. Interestingly, the vaccine will be simultaneously tested for both safety (Phase I) and efficacy (Phase II).</p>
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<ul>
<li>Candidate: mRNA-1273<br />Company: Moderna biotech-USA<br />Ingredient :Genetic materials (mRNA) that codes for the spike protein of the virus</li>
<li>Candidate: Ad5-nCoV<br />Company: CanSino - BiologicsChina<br />Ingredient: Recombinant engineered coronavirus</li>
<li>Candidate: ChAdOx1<br />Company: Oxford Vaccine Group &ndash; University of Oxford<br />Ingredient: Inactivated (non-infectious) virus</li>
</ul>
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<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>Old but gold</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Different epidemiological studies have pointed to a correlation between the rates of COVID-19 morbidity and anti-tuberculosis vaccination <strong>(BCG)</strong>. Researchers in different countries, including Pasteur Institute-France, are investigating whether BCG could reduce the intensity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Indeed, previous studies showed a non-specific protective effect of BCG against infections, particularly respiratory infections.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>PittCoVacc</strong> is a &ldquo;highly-scalable&rdquo; potential vaccine developed by the University of Pittsburgh. It is essentially made using lab-made pieces of viral protein integrated into the original scratch method used to deliver the smallpox vaccine to the skin. When tested in mice, PittCoVacc generated enough antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. However, we still don&rsquo;t know the potential duration of the acquired immunity.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify"><strong>Challenges</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Despite all the efforts described above, Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), predicts a vaccine &ldquo;is going to take a year, a year and a half, at least.&rdquo; Indeed, there are many challenges to take into consideration during vaccine development. Determining the dose to administer, the side effects and manufacturing problems can all cause delays. Additionally, the potential duration of immunity against COVID19 is relatively unknown. Thus, whether a single-dose vaccine will confer immunity is still elusive.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify">Taking into consideration all the above mentioned points, I can&rsquo;t tell you exactly when the vaccine is coming&hellip;Nevertheless, the beginning of trials is just one bright light in some devastating news across the world.</p>
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<p style="text-align: justify">Ferguson NM, Laydon D, Nedjati-Gilani G et al. Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf</p>
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<p>The post <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr/covid-19-vaccine-when-we-will-have-one/">COVID-19 Vaccine: when we will have one ?</a> appeared first on <a href="https://maisonduliban.fr">La Maison Du Liban</a>.</p>
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